Cardiovascular System — Cardiac Cycle, Heart Sounds, ECG

Topics covered

1. Properties of cardiac muscle: excitability, conductivity, rhythmicity
2. Origin and spread of cardiac impulse: SA node to Purkinje fibres
3. Cardiac cycle: systole, diastole, and pressure-volume changes
4. Heart sounds: origin, characteristics, and auscultation areas
5. Electrocardiogram: waves, intervals, and normal patterns
6. Cardiac output: definition, regulation, and measurement methods
7. Arterial blood pressure: determinants and regulation
8. Venous return and factors affecting it
9. Microcirculation: capillary exchange and regulation
10. Regulation of cardiovascular system: neural and hormonal control