Neoplasia — Benign and Malignant Tumours; Carcinogenesis

1. 01Nomenclature and classification of tumours
2. 02Characteristics differentiating benign from malignant neoplasms
3. 03Local invasion and metastasis: routes and mechanisms
4. 04Grading and staging of tumours (TNM system)
5. 05Molecular basis of cancer: oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes
6. 06Carcinogenic agents: chemical, physical, and biological (oncogenic viruses)
7. 07Multistep carcinogenesis and the cell cycle
8. 08Host defence against tumours: immune surveillance
9. 09Laboratory diagnosis of cancer: cytology, biopsy, tumour markers
10. 10Paraneoplastic syndromes